This is your basic subwoofer, just a box around the back of the woofer
to keep the rear wave from cancelling the front. The box acts as an "air
spring", adding some control to the woofer's movement. The smaller
the box, the less control the woofer will exhibit at resonance, yielding
a "boomy" sound. If the springs and shocks on your car are too
small for the weight of the car, the car will bounce. It's the same idea
here.
Pros:
Simple to design - if you mess up your calculations, this is the most
forgiving to your ears.
Simple to build - most people have access to the tools needed to build
a sealed subwoofer. Just a box with a circle cut in the front face for
your driver.
Modern sealed box car audio subs are designed with small airspaces
in mind, leaving you with lots of trunk space.
Cons:
Is not as loud as ported or bandpass subwoofers, requiring more amplifier
power.